Politics+of+Terrorism

toc = The Politics of Terrorism =

Some governments are defined as “terrorist governments” in which the definition is disputed by different international organizations. But a terrorist government generally defined as a state that supports terrorist activity and/or sponsors it. George A. Lopez designated 3 types of state terrorism that are evident in countries actions exhibited in foreign policy: 1. **Coercive terrorist diplomacy**: When states coerce terrorist groups into doing as they wish. This will be via donating missiles, gun and others weapons or by using less human methods such as torture to force a group to do as they wish even though that may not be their motive. 2. **Covert state terrorism**: a) //Clandestine state terrorism// – Example – States directly participating to weaken or intimidate other governments or government officials etc.  b) //State-sponsored terrorism// – Example - States or private groups being employed to on behalf of the sponsoring state to assume terrorist activities 3. **Surrogate terrorism**: Assisting a separate group so that they are capable of performing terrorist actions a) //State-sponsored terrorism// - Sponsoring a terrorist group  b) //State acquiescence to terrorism// – Not overtly backing up a terrorist organization but not condemning them either These are 3 actions that can label a government a terrorist government and the most common is surrogate terrorism. For example Iran, which is most often cited as the most fervent supporter of terrorism allows terrorist to thrive within its borders and give them the support they need in which to carry out their attacks on others.

Different political views on terrorism
  l  ** Political terrorism ** is a violent criminal behavior designed to generate fear in the community for political purposes However, l  **Non-political terrorism** is terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which shows “substantial design to create and keep high degree of fear for compelling purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political object.” l  **Limited Political terrorism** is real political terrorism that characterized by a revolution and it refers to “acts of terrorism for ideological or political motives but they are not part of a collaborative campaign to capture control of the state. “    While a democratic nation supporting civil liberties may claim a sense of higher moral ground than other regimes, an act of terrorism within such a state may cause a perceived dilemma: whether to maintain its civil liberties and thus risk being perceived as ineffective in dealing with the problem; or alternatively to restrict its civil liberties and thus risk illegalize its claim of supporting civil liberties. This dilemma, some social theorists would conclude, may very well play into the initial plans of the acting terrorist(s); namely, to illegalize the state.
 * ** Democracy ** || Several studies have concluded that terrorism is most common in nations with intermediate political freedom. The nations with the least terrorism are the most democratic nations. Some examples of “terrorism” in democracies include United States, Israel, and the Philippines.



||  The black book of communism: crimes, terror, repression notes that communism killed between 85milion and 100milion people in the last country (approximately 65 million in china under Mao Zedong, 25milion in Bolshevik and Stalinist Russia, 2 million in Cambodia, and millions of others in Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America). Communism notes that this shockingly soaring count of the dead was accomplished by mass murder, town burnings, planned famines and other ruthlessly conceived methods. || For instance, the most unforgettable terrorism, well known was the hijacking of four passenger jets and the destruction of the World Trade Center on the day of September, 11th 2001, in the US of America.
 * Communism || Communist terrorism is terrorism committed by communist organizations or communist states against civilians to achieve political purposes by creating a fear. After Islamic groups, communist groups comprise the largest number of organization on the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. The political repression conducted by Communist governments against civilian population such as the Red Terror, and Great Terror in the Soviet Union.
 * Islam || Islamic terrorism is religious terrorism by people whose motivations are rooted in their interpretations of Islam. According to statistics gathered in 2006 by the National Counterterrorism Center of the United States, “Islamic extremism was responsible for approximately a quarter of all terrorism fatalities worldwide. Terrorist acts have included airline hijacking, beheading, kidnapping, assassination, roadside booming, suicide booming, and rape.

The outer skin of World Trade Center Tower that remained standing after an Islamist terrorist attack. ||

=== Governments that have supported or engaged in terrorism      === Governments way of being supported or engaged in terrorism we can call it State terrorism. State terrorism remains controversial and without international consensus. The distinction between state and non-state terror is morally relativist and distracts from or justifies state terrorism perpetrated by favored states, typically those of wealthy and developed nations.        <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">three particular forms of state terrorism exhibited in foreign policy behavior.

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> **<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">3. **Surrogate terrorism**: (eg. assistance to another state or group that improves their capability to practice terrorism)** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**__Four reasons why that state terrorism is typically morally worse than no-state__** <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 1. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Terrorism claims vastly more victims than terrorism by non-state actors. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 2. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Because state terrorism is bound to be compounded be secrecy, deception and hypocrisy, terrorist states typically act with clandestine brutality while publicly professing adherence to “values and principles which rule is out” <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 3. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Because unlike non-state actors, states are signatories in international laws and conventions prohibiting terrorism, when a state commits acts of terrorism it in breach of its own solemn international commitment. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 4. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Finally, while there may be circumstances where non-state actors are in such an oppressed situation that there may be no alternative but terrorism, Primorate argues that "it seems virtually impossible that a state should find itself in such circumstances where it has no alternative to resorting to terrorism." <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The United States government has been accused of having directly committed acts of state terrorism, as well as funding, training, and harboring individuals and groups who engage in terrorism.
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1. **Coercive terrorist diplomacy**: (eg. discreet and controlled, and makes non-compliance intolerable)**
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2. **Covert state terrorism**:**
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a)//Clandestine state terrorism// (eg. direct participation of states, ex. to weaken a governments or intimidate government officials of another state etc)
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b)//State-sponsored terrorism// (eg. "states or private groups being employed to undertake terrorist actions on behalf of sponsoring state.
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a)//State-sponsored terrorism// (eg. as above)
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b)//State acquiescence to terrorism// (eg. group undertakes terrorism and is not explicitly backed by a state but not condemned either.)

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**__Countries have been accused of State terrorism__ //France-//**The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Operation Satanic is attributed to France. //**Iran-**// United States and Israel have accused Iran of sponsoring terrorism. The United states State Department has called Iran the world's "most active state sponsor of terrorism." //**Israel-**// Prominet western media has cited, Israel has long been accused by its neighbors of "state terrorism" and more recently the term has been applied to lsrael from some western sources. In February 2008, Israel has committed "state terrorism against the Palestinians. At least one militand admitting the helop given by Pakistan in training. Pakistan is also said to be a haven for terrorist group like Al-Qaeda, Lashkar-e-Omar.....
 * //Pakistan//-** Pakistan has been accused by India, Afghanistan, and other nations of its involvement in the Terrorism in Kashmir, Afghanistan and China.
 * //Spain//-** Antiterroist Liberation Groups
 * //United Kingdom//-** During the troubles in Northern Ireland the British State was frequently alleged to be involved in incidents of state terrorism and state sponsored terrorism from the Dublin and Monaghan bombings to involvement with loyalist paramilitaries to the shoot to kill policy.
 * //United States//-** The United States ' World War II nuclear attacks against the Empire of Japan and the bombing of Dresden were acts of war, but have also seen characterized as state terrorism.

__Countries in the list of State sponsors of Terrorism__ <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Cuba: Havana support variety of guerrilla groups in the form of training, arms, safe havens, and advice. Many of these groups are engage in terrorist operations. Conversely, Cuba has accused the United States of supporting, sponsoring and initiating terrorism against Cuba since 1961. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Iran: Iran maintained a high-profile role in encouraging anti-Israeli terrorist activity, rhetorically, operationally, and financially. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Palestinian groups with leadership cadres in Syria and Lebanese Hezbollah, to use terrorism in pursuit of their goals. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Sudan: The Sudanese government was a strong partner in the War on Terror and aggressively pursued terrorist operations directly involving threats to U.S. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Syria: The Syrian government continued to provide political and material support to Hezbollah and political support to Palestinian terrorist groups. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> __This is a another graph about supportness terrorism by different country.__



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_terrorism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_terrorism [|http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/terrorist/terhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Political+terrorismrorist.html] http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Political+terrorism http://www.usip.org/pubs/working_papers/wp1.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_terrorism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_state_terrorism_by_United_States_of_America#Viewed_as_state_terrorism

l [|^]  [|Propaganda Redux. Take it from this old KGB hand: The left is abetting America's enemies with its intemperate attacks on President Bush.] by [|Ion Mihai Pacepa], [|Wall Street Journal] , August 7, 2007 l [|^] "The notion of terrorism is fairly straightforward — it is ideologically or politically motivated violence directed against civilian targets." said Professor Martin Rudner, director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies at Ottawa's Carleton University." Humphreys, Adrian. [|"One official's 'refugee' is another's 'terrorist'"], // [|National Post] ,// [|January 17] , [|2006] . l [|^] MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, [|//Glossary:Communist/Socialist//], accessed 6 October 2007   [|Harvard Gazette: Freedom squelches terrorist violence] ". News.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2008-10-28.

__Correlates of Public Support for Terrorism in the Muslim World__. Washington: Washington University in St, Louis, May 17, 2007. 5 Feb. 2009 <http://www.usip.org/pubs/working_papers/wp1.pdf>.

__Wikipedia__. 2 Feb. 2009. 5 Feb. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Allegations_of_state_terrorism_by_United_States_of_America#Viewed_as_state_terrorism>.

__WIkispace__. 2009. 5 Feb. 2009 <http://adorngeo.wikispaces.com/page/edit/ Politics+of+Terrorism?goto=&responseToken=214b4acb27b16a15b18a6411e66731f5>.