History+of+Terrorism

toc =HISTORY OF TERRORISM =



 Terrorism before 1950
//The beginnings of terrorist violence closely followed the spread of early civilization. I ndividuals, rebel groups, and governments have used brutality  and power f rom early times to the current . The reasons why they were used that ////to reduce enemies, to spread fear and panic, and to achieve political, religious, and other ideological goals.//  ·  **  Early History of Terrorism – Political Purpose  ** Terror has been used to achieve political ends and has a long history. From the 66 to 72 A.D, there was Jewish against to Roman occupation, terrorists killed Roman soldiers and destroyed Roman Property. Terror was used to resist occupation. - **1** **4th Century – Kaffa,** **City on the Crimean Peninsula** The tartars hurled plague - infested  dead body over walls of the city <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> Kaffa to <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> spread the epidemic, effectively breaking a three year stalemate <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">. Unfortunately, as the plague <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">prevailed throughout Europe <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">, this consequently led <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">what we known as the //Black Death// //<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">. //     <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   -    **  18th Century French and Indian War  ** British Officers gave blankets from smallpox dead to Indians aligned with French. This <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;">reasoned an epidemic in people, which resulted in the death of 1/3 of the population. This was an effective way of weakening the opponent. <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  **  Early History of Terrorism – Religious Purpose  ** Suicidal martyrdom represented being killed by invaders, which resulted in reward in heave. It dates back thousands of years in most societies and religious. Terrorism against the enemy is often viewed as a religious action. <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  **  Modern History of Terrorism  ** <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;">In the late 19th century, a narchists were seen individual terrorism. Th <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">is is th e use of selective terror against an individual to bring down a government <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;">. About it, there <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;">were two example <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;">s. The first example is <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Lincoln <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> assassination and assassination of Tsar Alexander II. <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">- **<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">Irgun 1940s Palestine   ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">British military control and the British Criminal Investigation Division <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> were stay in The King David Hotel. On <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">June 29, 1946 <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">, t <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">he Irgun, militant Zionist <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> group <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> chose it as a target after British troops attack <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">ed <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> the Jewish Agency and t <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">ook <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> away large quantities of documents. At about the same time, more than 2,500 Jews from all over Palestine were placed under arrest.

<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">The purposes of this terrorism were to force the British imperialists out, and to compel the Palestinians to unconditionally accept the creation of Israel. According to the <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">news, 40 Jews in pogrom in Poland made Jews to remember how Britain’s restrictive immigration law made thousands of people to die. Menachem Begin who was the leader of Irgun acclaimed his desire to avoid civilian causalities and said that phone calls warning that explosives in the King David <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">H <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">otel would soon explode were made to three different places, the hotel, French Consulate, and the Palestine Post. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">The calls that were made on July 22, 1946 were neglected. A British official who refused to evacuate the building said, "We don't take orders from the Jews." Eventually, many casual people got affected by the explosion resulting in a total of 91 deaths and 45 injuries. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">While the Arab attacks against Jews were widely hailed as heroic actions, the bombing of the King David was criticized by the Jewish National Council. The British disavowed the fact that there had been a warning that preceded the attack for decades. However, a member of the British Parliament introduced evidence that the Irgun had definitely been warned. He offered a testimony of a British officer who heard a conversation that was made between officers in King David Hotel bar about the bombing and immediately left the hotel and survived. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">

==<span style="font-size: 170%; color: #fa9133; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 170%; color: #fa9133; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> How and why did terrorism change after 1950? ==

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<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">After 1950, the purpose and methods of terrorism has been changed. Terrorism becomes one of the common characteristic of political movement. The developments of technology terrorist group are increasingly using modern technological weapons such as chemical and biological weapons and the pocket bombs. They also could give damage to others without using bombs and weapons like economic terrors. Terrorism selected as the way of nations government policy in the totalitarian state. These countries assist horror atmosphere to their nations and without legal permission they arrest, torture and inflict punishment people just for their country ideologies.

The end of 20th century, the word hijacking (high-jacking), one of terrorism acts, usually used illegally to take control away from plans and change the destination to wherever the skyjacker wants, but it can be used for the train, cars or cargo ships as well. In the 1920's in America, when this word has been used the first time, hijacking generally meant the act of robbing cargo ships or freight cars, which is illegal; however, since the middle of the 1950's, the word hijacking is also used as robbing that is legal. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: '맑은 고딕'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New';">

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<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> In the late 1900's, many terrorist groups began forming networks and attacking different people on the global level. Some of these groups, particularly in the Middle East, had an animosity against the United States and for Western countries overall. There are many worries from the public that terrorists might own nuclear weapons for mass destruction. The terrorism acts in the 20th and 21st centuries clearly show the changing face of terrorism, such as the bombings in Kenya and Tanzania at the place of the United States’ embassies in 1998 and the attack of the U.S. Navy warship Cole in Yemen in 2000 by Osama Bin Laden’s group called “al-Qa’jda”. <span style="font-size: 8.5pt; color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">

//<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; msofareastfontfamily: Gulimmso-font-kerning;">During the 1960’s and 1970’s, several terrorist groups aimed for destruction of political and economic systems in their home countries and the establishment of new systems. Individuals with unclear agendas have also carried out terrorist acts. // //<span style="font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> In the modern history, terrorism became a tool used by both sides of colonial conflicts and the number of religious based terrorist attacks increased rather than politically motivated ones. Terrorism became tool of communication and it functions like propaganda in the past. Nick Berg, who was an American electrical contractor, was assassinated by Al Quaeda in Iraq and video of his decapitation was spread through different media. //

<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A terrorist attack took place in Munich, West Germany during the 1972 Summer Olympics by a Palestinian terrorist group called “Black September” against unarmed Israeli athletes.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">· 1972 Munich Olympics and Terrorism **

The initial attack killed two Israeli athletes; however, during the rescue attempt by the German authorities, nine more Israeli athletes died. This means that twelve innocent people were killed including one German police officer who was in the shootout. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In the end, five of the Palestinian terrorists were killed and three were captured. However, following the hijacking of a Lufthansa aircraft, the three captured Palestinian terrorists were eventually released. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The whole world, especially democratic western nations (because of their anti-terrorist units) was shocked by this event and was considered as a rebirth of international terrorism. Consequently, this led to more conflicts in the Middle East. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Terrorism is a nightmare for thousands of Argentines. On March 24, 1976, a military junta seized power in Argentina and went on a campaign to wipe out left-wing terrorism. Under military rule, from 1976 to 1983, thousands of people including dissidents and innocent civilians unrelated with terrorism were arrested and then disappeared without a trace. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 1983, after democracy was restored, a national commission revealed the systematic abductions of men women and children, the existence of about 340 well-organized, secret detention centers, and the methodic use of torture and murder. Surprisingly, no one knows of what happened to the disappeared until now. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * · Terrorism in Argentina **
 * · The Disappeared **
 * · Bombing of Beirut Marine Barracks**

The Beirut barracks bombing was a major terrorist act happened on 23rd of October in 1983 while the Lebanese Civil War was on. The buildings and houses that belong to the United States and French military forces (who were the members of the Multinational Force in Lebanon) were destructed by truck bombs and hundreds of service men in the U.S. Maries died as a result. The blasts consequently brought the withdrawal of the international peacekeeping force from Lebanon. In the end, the organization Islamic Jihad, receiving help from the Islamic Republic of Iran, took responsibility for the incident.
 * ·** **9-11 or September 11, 2001**
 * 9-11 was a series of coordinated ** ** suicide attacks by a terrorist group, al-Qaeda, against the United States on September 11 in 2001. On the day, the hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City , taking away the lives of people on board and those working in the building. Within two hours of time, both buildings collapsed and destroyed other buildings nearby. The third plane crashed into the Pentagon . The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew tried to take control of the plane, the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. In the end, there were no survivors from any flights. **
 * · London Subway Bombings**


 * On 7 July in 2005, there were suicide bomb attacks on London’s public transport system in the morning, the busiest time for working people. British Islamist extremists conducted the terrorist act because of Britain’s involvement in the Iraq War and other conflicts. **


 * Early in the morning, four bombs exploded on three London underground trains and on a bus in Tavistock Square. As a result, 52 commuters and the four suicide bombers died and 700 were injured. Moreover, the incident disrupted the city’s transport system and the United Kingdom’s mobile telecommunications infrastructure. This will be remembered as the largest and deadliest terrorist attack on London’s transport system throughout the history. **

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">“terrorism." //Globallissues//. 5 Feb. 2009 < http://find.galegroup.com/gic/ quickSearch.do?inPS=true&prod <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  Id=GIC&userGroupName=gicasia>. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  <span style="font-size: 110%; color: #ee941b; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Mockaitis, Tom. "Terrorism." //World Book Advanced//. 2009. 6 Feb. 2009

<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar551940>. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">